Items25The creator’s order
  1. 1Horace MannHorace MannBorn 4 May 1796Mann used his position as secretary of Massachusetts' Board of Education to argue for publicly supported common schools and better preparation for teachers. The opening of normal schools from 1839 gave that campaign an institutional form. His reports and school visits make this a case of…0i
  2. 2Jules FerryJules FerryBorn 5 Apr 1832Ferry's education laws made public primary schooling free in 1881 and instruction compulsory in 1882, alongside the secularisation of teaching. Those were connected but distinct changes: compulsory education did not mean every child had to attend a state school. The case shows how fees, attendance…0i
  3. 3William Edward ForsterWilliam Edward ForsterBorn 11 Jul 1818Forster steered the 1870 Education Act for England and Wales, allowing elected school boards to establish schools where existing provision fell short. It added public capacity alongside voluntary schools rather than replacing the whole system. That distinction makes him useful for examining gradual…0i
  4. 4Rab ButlerRab ButlerBorn 9 Dec 1902As education minister, Butler led the 1944 settlement that established free secondary education for all in England and Wales. Its structure and planned rise in the school-leaving age required years of implementation. The reform expanded entitlement while retaining selection between different kinds…0i
  5. 5Ellen WilkinsonEllen WilkinsonBorn 8 Oct 1891Wilkinson inherited the task of implementing the 1944 education settlement as minister after the war. She pressed ahead with preparations to raise the school-leaving age from fourteen to fifteen, including the difficult requirements for teachers and classrooms. The change took effect in April 1947,…0i
  6. 6Anthony CroslandAnthony CroslandBorn 29 Aug 1918Crosland's Circular 10/65 asked local education authorities in England and Wales to submit plans for comprehensive secondary schooling. It shifted national policy towards educating children together rather than selecting them into separate school types. Local responses and implementation varied,…0i
  7. 7José VasconcelosJosé VasconcelosBorn 28 Feb 1882As the first head of Mexico's new federal education ministry in 1921, Vasconcelos backed rural schools, libraries and cultural missions that trained teachers and promoted literacy. His programme treated education as a means of national reconstruction after revolution. That broad cultural ambition…0i
  8. 8Jaime Torres BodetJaime Torres BodetBorn 17 Apr 1902Torres Bodet's later term as Mexico's education minister brought the Eleven-Year Plan for expanding primary schooling and the introduction of free textbooks. The first books reached pupils in 1960 through a new national commission. His contribution links access to the recurring materials that…0i
  9. 9Domingo Faustino SarmientoDomingo Faustino SarmientoDuring Sarmiento's Argentine presidency, legislation and funding supported normal schools to prepare teachers, with Paraná opening in 1870. Expanding a trained teaching workforce helped give a wider school system something more durable than a promise of new buildings. The programme continued under…0i
  10. 10Pedro Aguirre CerdaPedro Aguirre CerdaBorn 6 Feb 1879Aguirre Cerda made the expansion of primary and technical education a priority of Chile's Popular Front government from 1938 to 1941. His programme connected schooling with the skills needed for industrial development and broader social participation. This was an effort to extend provision rather…0i