Items25The creator’s order
  1. 1Jean-Baptiste ColbertJean-Baptiste ColbertBorn 29 Aug 1619Colbert promoted the royal mirror-glass manufactory established under Louis XIV in 1665, using privileges and skilled workers to challenge Venetian imports. It is an early example of the state trying to create a domestic industrial capability rather than simply buying a finished product abroad. A…0i
  2. 2Clement AttleeClement AttleeBorn 3 Jan 1883Attlee's government passed the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act in 1946, transferring the mines to the National Coal Board on 1 January 1947. With fuel essential to reconstruction, ministers sought coordinated investment and improved working conditions. Fuel minister Emanuel Shinwell and the new…0i
  3. 3Charles de GaulleCharles de GaulleBorn 22 Nov 1890The provisional government led by de Gaulle nationalised Renault by ordinance on 16 January 1945. The decision had a specific punitive context, linked to the government's judgement of the company's wartime collaboration, as well as a place in post-war reconstruction. Renault became a state-owned…0i
  4. 4François MitterrandFrançois MitterrandBorn 26 Oct 1916Mitterrand's presidency backed the 1982 nationalisation programme implemented by Pierre Mauroy's government. Five major industrial groups, including Saint-Gobain and Thomson-Brandt, moved into public ownership alongside banking interests. The aim was to give government stronger tools for…0i
  5. 5Jacques ChiracJacques ChiracBorn 29 Nov 1932As prime minister during the 1986–88 cohabitation with President Mitterrand, Chirac led a programme that returned companies such as Saint-Gobain to private ownership. The institutional detail matters: this was a government policy under a president associated with the earlier nationalisations.…0i
  6. 6Margaret ThatcherMargaret ThatcherBorn 13 Oct 1925Thatcher's government sold a controlling stake in British Telecom in 1984, turning a major public enterprise into a privately controlled company. The accompanying regulatory framework, including Oftel, illustrates a change from direct ownership towards oversight of a network industry. Ministers,…0i
  7. 7Konrad AdenauerKonrad AdenauerBorn 5 Jan 1876Adenauer signed the 1951 treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community for West Germany. It placed key industrial markets within a common framework and a supranational High Authority, following the Schuman initiative and negotiations among six states. This changed where some public…0i
  8. 8Park Chung HeePark Chung HeeBorn 14 Nov 1917Park launched South Korea's heavy and chemical industry drive in 1973, directing finance and incentives towards selected sectors such as steel, machinery and chemicals. The state steered investment while large private business groups remained central to production. This is a useful case of…0i
  9. 9Goh Keng SweeGoh Keng SweeBorn 6 Oct 1918As finance minister, Goh drove the creation of Singapore's Economic Development Board in 1961 and the development of Jurong Industrial Estate. Public planning, serviced land and investment promotion were used to attract factories, including foreign-owned businesses. The state helped organise the…0i
  10. 10Deng XiaopingDeng XiaopingBorn 22 Aug 1904Deng supplied political backing for China's opening to foreign investment, including the first special economic zones established in 1979–80. The zones permitted forms of foreign and joint-venture enterprise within geographically bounded experiments. Local officials and central institutions…0i