Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

In 1993 the Tangentopoli bribery investigations had implicated much of Italy's governing class, and Ciampi, the Bank of Italy governor, became the first prime minister who was not a member of parliament. His year in office brought the July 1993 agreement with unions and employers that ended wage indexation, budget discipline and a new mixed electoral law. He later served as a widely respected president from 1999 to 2006. The old parties collapsed anyway, and the system that replaced them produced its own scandals.