Napoleon

In France, Napoleon is the author of the Civil Code, the lycées, the Legion of Honour and the prefect system, and he lies in state at Les Invalides. Elsewhere the memory is of invasion: the guerrilla war and executions in Spain that Goya painted, the retreat from Moscow, and in Haiti and Guadeloupe the attempt to restore slavery in 1802. The 2021 bicentenary of his death exposed the split inside France too, with President Macron commemorating him while condemning the slavery decree.