Giulio Einaudi

Italy. Einaudi founded his house in Turin in 1933, aged 21, with a circle of anti-fascist intellectuals including Cesare Pavese and Natalia Ginzburg, several of whom were jailed or exiled. After the war it became the centre of Italian literary and political publishing, from Primo Levi to Italo Calvino, who worked there as an editor. Chronic financial trouble led to its takeover in the 1990s.