Marcus Garvey

Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association claimed millions of followers across the Americas and Africa in the early 1920s on a simple programme: "Africa for the Africans", Black-owned businesses such as the Black Star Line shipping company, and racial pride. His vision was of a powerful independent African nation that people of African descent could look to. W. E. B. Du Bois attacked his separatism and his business methods, and the US government convicted him of mail fraud, but his influence on Nkrumah and later Pan-Africanists was deep.