Andorra

Two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France Andorra's heads of state are the bishop of a neighboring diocese in Catalonia and whoever France elects as president, so one of them is chosen by French voters rather than Andorran ones. The 1993 constitution, approved by referendum, turned the medieval arrangement into a parliamentary co-principality: an elected government holds executive power, while the co-princes act through personal representatives and keep a few real functions, including a say over treaties touching internal security and defense. It is the clearest surviving case of a state whose headship is shared between two outsiders.