Franklin D. Roosevelt

Executive Order 9066 of February 1942 authorised the removal of around 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most of them American citizens, from the West Coast to incarceration camps, without charge or hearing. The Supreme Court upheld it in Korematsu in 1944, a decision now repudiated. Roosevelt also expanded FBI domestic surveillance. Against this, his administration's Justice Department created the first civil rights section in 1939, and the Four Freedoms speech set out the case for liberty at home and abroad.