Anti-Colonial Thinkers Who Imagined Different Futures

The people who argued against empire agreed that it had to end and disagreed about almost everything after that: whether to build nation states or federations, socialism or capitalism, modern industry or village self-rule, and whether to reclaim older cultures or invent new ones. This list is for readers who want those arguments in their own terms and settings, from nineteenth-century India and Cuba to the Cold War and the cultural debates after independence. Each entry separates claims about sovereignty, economics and culture, and names the rival vision each thinker was arguing against. It explains positions; it does not endorse them.